AUTHOR’S NOTE: An earlier version of this column incorrectly referred to the $76 million allocated to the West Harlem Local Development Corp. as a “sham fund.” The author has no reason to believe or assert, and does not believe, that the corporation or the fund should be described as a “sham.” The description was inappropriate and unwarranted.
It’s easy to identify winners and losers in the long saga of Columbia University’s pursuit of uptown expansion. It’s harder to separate the players into good guys and bad guys, mainly because the good guys are so scarce.
In 2003, Columbia announced its plan to convert 17 acres in Manhattan’s West Harlem neighborhood) into a satellite campus. The Ivy League school quickly proceeded to convince all but three of the property owners in its desired terrain to sell their land. The neighborhood, like much of northern Manhattan, has benefitted from substantial decreases in crime in the past few decades, and most of the property owners were likely pleased by the opportunity to sell at a profit.
But unless Columbia wanted a gas station and two storage facilities amid its classroom buildings, it needed a way to oust those final holdouts. It turned to the city and state governments.
Under the precedent set by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Kelo v. New London (a decision which I believe may be in for a future update), governments can exercise eminent domain to transfer ownership from one private owner to another if doing so is expected to serve a “public purpose” by generating economic development.
In New York, governments seeking to use eminent domain on the behalf of private parties have the added responsibility of proving that the area in question is “blighted.” The definition of blight, however, is so vague as to prove little obstacle to motivated political movers and shakers. “Vagueness invites subjectivity, subjectivity invites selective enforcement, and selective enforcement invites favoritism,” Norman Siegel, an attorney representing one of the holdout property owners in the Columbia case, said at a conference. The New York State Court of Appeals ruled that Columbia could proceed.
But politicians didn’t lend their help to the university for free. In exchange for the ability to break ground, Columbia agreed to fund a so-called benefit package valued at $150 million. That money was to be divided between a public school to be built at Columbia’s expense, a contribution to a housing fund, and a $76 million fund to be used by an entity called the West Harlem Local Development Corp. for unspecified community benefits.
So far, however, the main benefit the fund seems to provide is a pool of cash for local politicians. Tom DeMott, a former member of the Local Development Corp.’s board, told The New York Post that, in brokering the deal, the board “sacrificed good development because it wanted to control a slush fund.” The development corporation has, so far, managed to spend less than $700,000, including $150,000 paid to a consultant for corporate structuring advice.
How did this mess occur? The vague blight laws were part of it. But, more than that, the fund was the product of a system in which anyone who wants to do anything not only has to deal with the powers that be in the mayor's office and the City Council, but also must run a gauntlet of self-appointed community activists and officially designated “community boards.”
New York has 59 of these community boards. They operate as quasi-governmental entities comprised of individuals appointed by City Council members and borough presidents. Because they are not part of the official structure of the city government, these boards operate below the radar of mass-market media outlets and other potential watchdogs. But since their members are drawn from the political clubhouses, they lack any actual independence.
So when Columbia proved willing to pay to get rid of those pesky private property owners, plenty of people were willing to step forward to take the money.
Despite the rhetoric of the development corporation, there’s no real reason Columbia’s money should be directed at the “West Harlem community,” a jurisdiction that exists only in the minds of people who claim to speak for it. The losers were the property owners and taxpayers citywide who will no longer receive revenue from that land.
There is no reason why taxpayers in West Harlem deserve any more compensation for the deal than taxpayers anywhere else. If the city had really wanted to make Columbia take responsibility for its actions, it might have had the university pay the city directly for the lost tax revenue. That would have been far simpler and fairer. Of course, it’s not what happened.
Rather than aiming for simplicity or fairness, city officials were interested in selling off government services, including the power of eminent domain, for their own benefit.
Fans of HBO's “Boardwalk Empire” might sense something familiar in all this. The only real difference is that, back in the days of Atlantic City boss Enoch “Nucky” Johnson — fictionalized as Nucky Thompson — such shady deals were conducted behind closed doors in private hotel suites. Now, through the system of politician-dominated community boards and civic groups, modern Nuckys can extract private cash for their own purposes and issue press releases while they do it.
Perhaps, in the end, the project has served a public purpose. While pursuing more classroom space for its students, Columbia has provided us all with an education on just how modern political dealings work. It’s an Ivy-League-caliber refresher course in cynicism.
December 15, 2011 - 2:50 pm
A spokeswoman for the West Harlem Local Development Corp., Juanita Scarlett, told me earlier today that she takes issue with my point that the entity provides “a pool of cash for local politicians.” Ms. Scarlett, who is a former senior aide to New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, noted that only four of the 15 board members of the corporation hold elected public office. Though I stand by the opinions I expressed, I offered to note her observation here, and I have invited Ms. Scarlett to submit her own comments on this post.